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Market Participants and Infrastructure
Issuers, Investors, Intermediaries
Learning Outcome
5
Understand how intermediaries facilitate smooth financial transactions
4
Analyze which funding option is suitable under different conditions
3
Identify different sources of funding available to firms
2
Explain why companies require external funding
1
Understand the role of issuers, investors, and intermediaries in financial markets
Analogy
Theatre producers sell tickets to fund a show, just like issuers sell securities to raise capital.
Audiences buy tickets for enjoyment, like investors buying securities for returns.
Box office staff connect producers and audiences, like intermediaries connect issuers and investors.
Tickets give show access, while securities give ownership or return rights.
Theatre venues host performances, like stock exchanges enable trading.
Theatre inspectors ensure fairness, like regulators protect investors and markets.
Quick Recap:
Audience members enjoy a good show as a reward for buying tickets, just like investors earn returns when a company performs well.
Issuers = Producers
Investors = Audience
Intermediaries = Box Office Staff
Securities = Tickets
Stock Exchange = Venue
Regulators = Inspectors
Returns = Entertainment Value
Transition to concept
Just like a theatre needs producers, box office staff, and an audience to run successfully, financial markets need issuers, intermediaries, and investors to function smoothly. Together, they help raise capital, connect participants, and keep the market system active and efficient.
ISSUERS
Who Are They & What Do They Do?
An issuer is a company, government, or institution that raises capital by creating and selling financial securities to investors. They are the starting point of financial market transactions.
types of issuers
What does an issuer actually do?
Decides whether to issue equity (ownership) or debt (loan) -based on cost of capital and business need.
Submits the DRHP to SEBI (for equity) or term sheet (for bonds) with complete disclosures
Pays the cost capital- Pays dividends on equity or interest on bonds, this is the price they pay for receiving investor money.
Reports quarterly results, discloses material events, and follows SEBI listing obligations throughout.
Real examples:
Zomato raised ₹9,375 Cr through its IPO in 2021 to fund business expansion.
Government of India issues 10-year Government Securities (G-Secs) through weekly auctions conducted by Reserve Bank of India to finance fiscal deficits.
INVESTORS
Who Are They & What Do They Do?
An investor is a person or institution that invests surplus money in financial instruments to earn returns like interest, dividends, or capital gains. Investors provide the capital that keeps financial markets running.
Retail Investors
Domestic MFs (DIIs)
Insurance Cos (DIIs)
Investors come in very different shapes and sizes:
Skills Required
Inshort:
Operations Analyst → Senior Analyst → Team Lead → AVP → VP → COO / Head of Operations
Summary
5
Operations careers progress from Analyst to COO/MD over 15–20 years.
4
Back Office ensures settlement, reconciliation, and regulatory reporting are accurate.
3
Mid Office manages risk and control, covering compliance, product control, and KYC.
2
Front Office generates revenue; it includes trading, M&A advisory, and sales.
1
IB Operations is split into Front, Mid, and Back Office each with distinct functions .
Quiz
Which of the following is a Mid Office function?
A. Equity Research
B. Trade Confirmation
C. Market Risk Management
D. IPO Advisory
Quiz-Answer
Which of the following is a Mid Office function?
A. Equity Research
B. Trade Confirmation
C. Market Risk Management
D. IPO Advisory
Issuers, Investors, Intermediaries
By Content ITV
