Weak link between ABD 1:n match and ePassport photo

Field	Details
Description	Higher False Match Rate (FMR) and False Reject Rate (FRR) due to biometric mismatch between kiosk selfie and ePassport image
Likelihood	Medium
Prevalence	Medium
Impact	Moderate
Test Method	Use similar-looking individuals to test if one can drop a bag on behalf of another
Tested	Yes

Fraudulent bag-check via identity spoofing

Field	Details
Description	Attacker obtains boarding pass and ePassport data of an unsuspecting traveller (e.g., via social engineering), fabricates matching fraudulent ePassport with their own photo and traveller’s biographics to check in and drop baggage (e.g., bomb/contraband)
Likelihood	Extreme
Prevalence	Low
Impact	High
Test Method	Print attacker’s face on a t-shirt or mask, use real traveller's details to check bag
Tested	Yes

Colluding pair for fraudulent bag-check

Field	Details
Description	Same scenario as above, but the attacker and the genuine traveller collude (e.g., for smuggling)
Likelihood	High
Prevalence	Medium
Impact	High
Test Method	Colluding tester uses spoofed ID and matching face media, real traveller boards with genuine passport
Tested	Yes

Fugitive uses fake ID to escape Australia

Field	Details
Description	Fugitive checks in with fraudulent ePassport containing other person's biographics but their own face, then attempts to pass ABF using the real passport of the ID used
Likelihood	High
Prevalence	Low
Impact	Moderate
Test Method	Use identical twins or lookalikes to simulate enrolment at kiosk vs boarding at ABF
Tested	No

Traveller thwarts airline-specific ban

Field	Details
Description	Traveller banned by an airline uses another person’s ID to check-in and check baggage. Uses own passport at ABF. Exploits lack of linkage between airline systems and border control
Likelihood	Moderate
Prevalence	Medium
Impact	Moderate
Test Method	Try check-in using fake or borrowed biographics, simulate ABF check with real ID
Tested	No

Traveller uses different documents at departure vs. destination

Field	Details
Description	May be benign, but could be part of layered threat (e.g., to obscure travel patterns or identity)
Likelihood	Low
Prevalence	Common
Impact	Low
Test Method	Not tested directly; explore through data review (departure vs. arrival document mismatches)
Tested	No

Twin-related misidentification

Field	Details
Description	Twin uses sibling's passport to travel, either collusively or fraudulently, increasing risk of mistaken identity or exploitation
Likelihood	Medium
Prevalence	Low
Impact	Low–Moderate
Test Method	Use real identical twins to test 1:n match failures at kiosk or bag-drop
Tested	No

Fraudulent bag-check via identity spoofing (smartwatch variant)

Field	Details
Description	Same as above, but attacker presents biometric (e.g., face image or credential) via smartwatch or wearable device at kiosk/ABD instead of physical presentation
Likelihood	Extreme
Prevalence	Low
Impact	High
Test Method	Present face image from smartwatch display to ABD/kiosk camera; test system's susceptibility to on-screen face spoofing
Tested	Yes

Fraudulent bag-check with prosthetics/makeup

Field	Details
Description	Attacker modifies appearance using makeup or partial prosthetics to mimic victim appearance while using genuine (stolen?) document
Likelihood	High
Prevalence	Low
Impact	Moderate
Test Method	Use a prosthetic nose, facial overlays, or theatrical makeup to attempt to defeat 1:n match at ABD
Tested	Yes